Pontiac Daytona Prototype (dp) and Gt Teams Ready for the Race at the Glen

Pontiac Daytona Prototype (DP) and GT teams are preparing for the second distance race of the season---the Sahlen’s Six hours at the Glen and the round six of the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series presented by Crown Royal Special Reserve which will be run on June 9, 2007, Saturday.

The Watkins Glen International raceway is considered to be historic with a 3.4-mile layout and 11 turns, it the third longest race on the Rolex Series schedule. The six-hour race will feature both GT and DP cars racing together for the first time in Mexico City.

With the DP, Pontiac the maker of high quality Pontiac oxygen sensor has been able to maintain a perfect pole qualifying streak for 2007. The top starting position has been dominated by Pontiac power, three teams, and four drivers. Colin Braun driving the No. 75 Krohn Racing Pontiac Riley has taken the pole in Mexico City and also at Virginia International Raceway.

Jan Magnussen driver of the No. 10 Sun Trust entry has obtained the top spot at Homestead. Alex Gurney and Jon Fogarty in the GAINSCO Pontiac have gotten two point starts to their credit, one at the Rolex 24 while the second at Laguna Seca.

Gurney and Fogarty are hoping to get their second win on the season with the first coming at Mexico City. The California duo have been heading the field all season and consistently qualifying at either first or second in every race so far.

The No.10 SunTrust Wayne Taylor Racing team will have a new driver to join the fold at the Glen. Jonathan Cochet is a Frenchman and will share duties with seasoned veteran Max Angelelli. Cochet will contribute a wealth of open-wheel experience as well as some DP driving miles to the SunTrust camp for this weekend’s race.

Currently the Khron Racing team is the defending six-hour winners from last year. Colin Braun was not able to participate last year since the track includes cigarette marketing contracts and prohibited minor drivers from joining the race. But Braun is now 18 years old and with Pontiac power and teammate Max Papis, the youngster believes that they have better chance to win this season.

The No.91 Riley-Mathews Motorsports Pontiac Riley that was driven by Jim Mathews and Marc Goosens is looking to be a factor in the race this weekend. The duo has improved tremendously with every race that they have joined and are now eyeing for a top finish.

For the No. 06 Pontiac GXP.R, Andy Pilgrim will join Tim Lewis Jr. and Leighton Reese at the Glen. All three drivers are fresh from a win last week with Reese and Lewis Jr. victorious at Lime Rock while Pilgrim won at Charlotte in Cadillac CTSV World Challenge car.

Paul Edwards and Kelly Collins currently sit third in the GT driver point standings. The duo has been fast all year and has led significant laps in the last two events at Lime Rock and Laguna Seca. They will bring the No. 07 Banner Pontiac GXP.R to the Glen and hopes to obtain their first win on the season.

The Six Hours of the Glen will start on Saturday, June 9 at 11:00 AM and will be televised on SPEED Channel in two segments. The first segment will start at 11:00 AM EDT while the second part will rejoin the action at 2:30 PM until the finish of the race.


Zeke Gervis has a degree in Human Resource Management. He is an F1 fanatic and is a collector of racing memorabilias. At present, he enjoys working at a consulting firm in Iowa.
Grocery Store Shop At Home

Berry Tree Bears Fruit

I am really happy to talk about the Berry Tree because it has been one of the best purchases we have made, both as a product in its own right and as one means to fulfil our quest for 'self sufficiency' online. The Berry Tree is MLM in the 21st century. The Berry Tree is a 'place' to purchase specific health products only available online and/or it can be a small and effective home based Internet business, the choice is yours. We use the product and have chosen to work with Berry Tree as a small business. This article features the product while the next article looks at the business opportunity.

The Berry Tree sells two products and the one we have direct experience with is called O2 Berry Proformance Hydration. Essentially O2 Berry Proformance Hydration is a water treatment product that radically enhances the properties of ordinary water by raising the levels of oxygen in the water. It is made from coral found exclusively on the Island of Okinawa Japan. Don't groan too loudly... yet, yes we have all heard stories about the amazing product hand picked by vestal virgins on a full moon in some remote village - somewhere. And O2 Berry Proformance Hydration, in our experience is different. The story goes like this:

You might remember a few years ago the famous book The Okinawa diet - a huge international best seller? Turns out the folks in Okinawa are some of the most long lived and healthy on the planet. Why??? The finding of numerous international research projects is that Okinawans drink water exclusively from their island. The water is filtered through a particular coral; so the island is a naturally occurring water treatment plant! Lucky Okinawans! Fortunately we stumbled across a video demonstrating the effects of this amazing coral. Watch the video and see for yourself; and all you soft drink/soda junkies please pay close attention to the segment at the end of the video - you will be amazed. Anyway, after viewing this same video we decided to do the free trial of the product and we have been consistently impressed with its performance. We are always more confident in those companies who are confident in their product to provide samples - especially on the net.

Anyway, we have subsequently tried the product with various people in a range of settings. All of them have responded well - even those unaware they were drinking 'treated' water. By responding well we mean that folks either recognised they felt better after drinking the water or, and this is the most interesting - they stopped showing obvious signs of tiredness and or jet lag - most noticeably, they stopped yawning. We have tried this time and again - especially with folks we are working with. If we start work in the clinic and we are yawning - or someone else is, we give them a glass of 'Berry Tree water' and they miraculously stop yawning and 'perk up'. Even Gez, our own in house skeptic has asked for some Berry Tree sachets on particularly slow days/daze... Remember the increased blood oxygen levels from the video? Well that has absolutely been our experience. Cool huh? It really is a fantastic and affordable health alternative - which also doubles as a source of income!

As one person from Berry Tree said to me, the coral also makes the water 'more wet' - a technical term :-) So for those folks who don't like to drink a lot of water - you can increase your water uptake or absorption without having to drink more. Great too for folks who are doing heavy exercise. Drinking a lot of water and heavy exercise often don't mix - so you can still exercise, drink less and enjoy the same benefits as if you had drunk more. I am searching out more information on how the product has this effect and will keep you posted.

More than that the Berry Tree coral alkalises water instantly and for those of you are interested in health you will be aware that research is increasing to directly link acidity with chronic disease. That this product can instantly turn water alkaline is phenomenal. And it removes chlorine - instantly. If you have a whiz bang filter at home great - maybe you don't need it - but remember at least one sample of the treated water in the video came from a 'water cooler' which is normally treated/filtered...this is a much healthier alternative. Sign up for a free trial and subject the water at your place to the same tests as on the video.

One great advantage of the product is its portability you simply carry the coral bags, buy water when you need it and treat the water. Each coral bag makes up to 900ml of treated water. We 'reuse' the bags by adding an additional coral sachet and refilling the bottle - great value for money.

After using this product for a number of months and seeing the results we both feel that any one who wants to make a difference to their health and sense of well being should at least trial it. Sure no one product can be all thing to all people. From our experience we believe this products will make a difference to a broad range of people it is very portable and you can trial it for free. What have you got to loose?

Our personal proclaimer: "Yes we have tried the product/s and or services we are discussing in this article and YES we can attest to it's efficacy - or not - first hand. We are happy to answer any questions you might have about our use of the product."
Antonietta is a mother of three kids under ten, a homeopath and free lance writer currently traveling the world with her partner and family. For more information see http://www.bythebay.com.au/blog or more information on the Bery Tree opportunity visit http://myberrytree.com/39155/bgboost

Wonders and milestones of Science for civilization

Right from ancient time science has revolutionized a wheel of progress made so far. Historical contribution of science for society was initiated by Alexander Grahm Bell whose mom and students whom he married were deaf, on March 10, 1876, at small laboratory at Boston, USA, established a communication from one room to another. It led to establish Bell Telephone Company in year 1877 for quicker communication. Gregor Mendel, central European monk who published his ideas on genetics in 1866 but largely went unrecognized until 1900, and a long after his death, was recognized as father of genetics. Newton gave laws for gravitational force, Jams Watt discovered locomotive engine, Hargovind Singh khurana synthesized artificial gene and Madam Curie discovered a radioactive materials named Pitchblende in 1911. Antoine Lavoisier, a French Chemist in 1700s, put forward a quantitative basis for chemistry by measuring weights of materials used in chemical reactions. For this work, Lavoisier is known as a "father of modern chemistry. His prefixes are most important in modern day technology where decimal and exponential equivalents in a metric system are very useful and listed as pico for 10-12, nano for 10-9, micro for 10-6, milli for 10-3, centi for 10-2 for deci for 10-1, no prefix for 00, deka for 101, hepta for 102, kilo for 103,mega for 106 and giga for 109.

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Many more could be derived by conversion from one unit of length to another in a metric system by shifting a decimal point. For example 12 inches make feet and 5280 feet make a mile. There are many glaring discoveries which are indispensable from the society for example in 19th century matter and energy have been complementary to each other and has fascinated Einstein for principle of relativity. It led him to make nuclear bombs, bombarded on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the business cities of Japan, in 1945. In a history of human civilization, it was as a 2nd sun as it generated radiations equivalent to those of sun with vas change in environmental thermodynamics. The thermos means temperature and dynamics means motion, and coined the word thermodynamics. Origin of life has been because of alignment and association of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2) gases and sulfur (S) together to form amino acids, proteins to compose life system. It was put forward by Stanley who at Chicago University, USA, in 1950s did successful experiment to prove that methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) gases with other gases form amino acids and proteins. The alignment and association of gases conserve energy in a form of molecules, which sustain life. Newton’s observation about falling of an apple from apple tree further emphasized key position of energy. Evolution of civilization followed by various experimental realizations about energy for construction of world famous pyramid at Cairo, Egypt. Thousands years old, the workers loaded heavy and bigger sized stones on wooden planks and did swim in river Nile for transportation to pyramid site. The energy has brought revolutionary changes in civilization like Chinese and Indian inks were prepared by burning the wood to convert it into the wooden coals which were converted into fine powder and mixed with mustard oils. Similarly Harrappa and Mohan Jodaro, century old big buildings were constructed following lock and key concept based on a socket and cone joints of bones of elbow and knees of human body. At countryside, for centuries, grandmother used to burn mustard oil with cotton wick through a capillary and collect soot on neat and clean metallic surfaces like on brass or ion, and applied in eyes for adsorbing a secretion. During stone and metallic ages of civilization, the stones were shaped up to different designs and used for hunting.

These forms conserve and liberate energies transforming from one form to another as burning of oil to soot. Egyptians understood thermodynamics in a better way as they knew pushing heavy wooden planks on water surface reduces frictional forces and minimum human energy was needed for transportations. During Stone Age, the stones were shaped up to different sizes to manifolds the impulse for hunting. The water potential was noticed centuries ago and dams were constructed at Mississippi and Niles to make water falls for rotating turbine to generate electricity and irrigational works.

Paddling of cycle, letter typing machines, bull carts, churners (for churning curd to whey), horse carts, swing machines, ships were operated manually and best form of human energy conversion. The machine were run with human energy in fact if we go deeper, the human energy harnessed from food is partly stored in muscles and was used for operating the machines. Similarly levers were made which were very effective to economize the human energy for example the rollers were not pushed from back but were pulled forwards from front to minimize the human energy consumption. These scientific developments were revolved around a energy conversion from one form to another and termed as thermodynamic by Joule Thompson, Carnot and Cannon Rumford in 18th countries. Now the thermodynamics is an indispensable part of the human sciences and civilizations. In ancient times the major cities were established at the banks of rivers, due to easier transportation and as sources of water for drinking, irrigation, cottage industries. River Nile in African countries is considered highly revered and is boon to Egypt, Sudan, Ghana, Ethiopia, Somalia and Nigeria etc. In India, rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Sarswati etc. were taken in very high esteem and cities like Delhi at bank Yamuna, Allahabad at Trivani or Pragraj, kolkata at river Hugly, Mumbai and Madras are at coastal areas. The energy is understood as thermodynamics. During British India various dams for energy harnessing were constructed like Tungbhadra dam at Krishna-Cavery, Rihand, Hirakund, Nagarjun Sagar at Krishna River, Cauvery, Periyar, Ramagundam, Bhakra Nangal, and Salal project at Chenab River. Theses were eco-friendly techniques with no pollution hazards. The replacement of cycle, bull cart and horse carts by engine run motors are emitting tone and tones of CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NO3, SO2, SO3, polluting gases causing global warming.

Thermodynamics a boon:

Liberation of calories from food is well known and establish q = DE + PDV, a first law of thermodynamics. The q is heat, DE liberated energy, P pressure and DV volume change when food is digested in body. Putting no volume and pressure change the q = DE exists which decides an intake of food. Concept of eating jugglery after lunch and dinner for intake of iron and other useful vitamins is centaury old in Indian society. By practice our ancestors carried forward this tradition generation to generation, the families who used to stick to a concept of “as you eat so you reap” leads to have sound mind in sound body. The traditions of wearing types of clothes are monitored by the thermodynamics and illuminate the human side of science. Newton’s observation of falling of apple from tree to earth was based on potential energy due to height. A matter energy-relation fascinated Einstein to make nuclear bomb. Weather forecasting is a big thermodynamics, where moistures and pressure gradient are basic parameters. In villages, people still guess in advance about a rainfall by watching the movement of ants and curtains birds. The ants very accurately sense a change in humidity and start taking out their eggs from their underground nests. Similarly the tailor birds start making nests at heighted trees. The villagers guess that increases in humidity forecasts a rainfall in coming days.

During heating, the milk boils out of a heating vessel while water does not this is due to a layer formation of a fat of the milk on upper surface on heating because of low density. The layer thickens acts as cover to push back the milk vapors and kinetic energy of the milk molecules get accumulated and a state comes when the layer can not bear with the internal energy DE. It suddenly bursts out with large amount of the milk but water heating simply breaks its hydrogen bonds.

Who lays down its Foundation:

James Watt, a naughty boy, in 1750 noticed experimental relevance of thermodynamics with uplifting of a lid of kettle being used for boiling water for cooking the vegetable. Watt coined the word horsepower as horses powered water pumps in mines and laid down a foundation of railway engines. In 1799, Humphry Davy melted ice by rubbing two ice cubs together. Latter in 1824, Sadi Carnot and Cannon Ford, observed generation of heat when iron screw was used to make hole in wooden logs. It was supported by count Rumford for boring cannon experiment in 18th and early 19th century. The handle of a screw was rotated manually putting mechanical energy to work. Partly it evolved heat during process, later on the ideas of Watt, Carnot and Ford laid down a foundation of first law of thermodynamics as q = DE+PDV. The q is heat contents, the DE internal energy1 and the PDV a mechanical work done by or on the system. It successfully converts mechanical energy into the electrical. Benjamin Thompson in 1790’s, for measuring the power of light coined the word candlepower for candlelight as standard. Similarly James Joule in 1840’s gave the Joule as standard unit for energy measurement2, which is still in use. There are several other discoveries where our ancestors developed like fire which burnt by rubbing dried wooden logs that generates fire by friction3.

Description:

Real meaning of thermodynamics is to achieve the best equilibrium among the pressure, temperatures, mass and energy. However its real meaning could be understood by several states of the water, these are most useful example in society. At low temperature the liquid water is solid and referred to as ice while at optimum temperature is liquid state and at higher temperature i.e. 1000C the gaseous form (vapor). The vapor is powerful to generate electricity by turbine at thermal power stations. The windmills for centuries have been the most traditional power in villages for pumping out the water from the deep grounds. The air pressure for centuries is being used as a big potential by farmers to separate out the food grains from the straw of the wheat crops. In 18th centuries the watermills were emerged as a powerful source of energy from turbine attached directly to a axle fitted with grinding stones to grind wheat, maize, gram and other food grains into flour. At higher altitude the pressure is low hence cooking of vegetables takes longer time and more fuel. Training area of Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM) Utterkashi is at very high altitudes, I personally observed that the cooking of rice or any food item takes longer time. In 1996, I have attended one month mountaineering course and studied this phenomenon. In general, the ladies used to wet solid grains of grams, soyabeans, peas etc, and spices in fresh and clean water before 4 to 5 hrs of cooking. This process was well known by our forefathers/ancestors. They were aware about a significance of thermodynamics. Hence used to wet the food grains in water prior cooking. It is time saving device and enriching the food in nutrients. It saves lot of fuels, and depicts that the wet food grains take comparatively less time in cooking and saves the fuel. The calorie of the 1g mol of the butane is -687.982 K calorie mol-1, and of methane –191.800 K calorie mpl-1 thus the total time 123-65 = 58 min are saved. This saves a lot of gas and the time in kitchen.

Thermodynamics for natural events:

The wetting concept of dried grains must be popularized in the society in interest of health and economic reasons. The rain is a best example of thermodynamics, the water vapors from south India to North from the oceans of Hind and Arabian oceans, and from bay of Bengal gets transported to North to fill the deficiency of the water moistures at the North India. This process is spontaneous or the natural one and is closely associated with the thermodynamics. The gallons and gallons of the water are being transported to North India through open sky. Evaporation of water moisture from the leaves of trees, herbs and shrubs do add some moisture to the amount of the already water vapor. This process of the thermodynamics highlights contributions of the trees. The society must encourage tree plantation to maintain the equilibrium and ecosystems. The learners can understand the meaning and worth of non-equilibrium system. The pressure gradient causes the energy gradient, and is calculated with DG = -2.303RT log K. The DG is free energy, K is equilibrium constant, the K= p2/p1, the p1 water vapor pressure at southern India and the p2 at the northern. At northern the vapor pressure is lower than that of the southern. The pressure moves from south to north India and could be equated with kinetics of reactions where the reactants are decomposed with time and rate of reaction is determined. A state is reached where the systems are equilibrated with respect to the concentration of the reactants. The rate constant K is as p1 at southern Û p2 at northern, and K = P2/P1. The DG is free energy, and a working capacity of environment due to pressure or moisture gradients. This clarifies the concept of Gibbs free energy, for example if the P1 = 1.5 bar and P2 = 1.0 bar, the log K = 0.17609 and the amount of DG = -1005.22 Joule mol-1kelvin-1. This is the energy, which is being used to push up the water vapor to northern India. The 1005.22 Joule mol-1kelvin-1 is being used till the P1 = P2, at this condition the K=1 and the log K=0, and the DG=0. This predicts that the movements of the water vapors are stabilized and condensation is started in a form of clouds with transition of phase. And after some time it falls in the form of rains. For farmers the thermodynamics has special significance. For example when high-pressure difference is there the storms occur that distribute the seeds of the herbal plants and other useful trees.

There are 4 seasons and the seed germination is temperature sensitive, the wheat, maize, guar gum, pulses, oil seeds etc. are sown at an optimum temperature with some moisture contents. The intelligent farmers generally wet the seed of crops overnight before sowing. It enhances the moisture contents in the seed for quicker and healthy germination. This makes a better understanding of the thermodynamic applications in farming. The plants show much growth in rainy seasons due to water in plenty. The artificial thermodynamic conditions are being generated for growing of the seeds and flowering so that fresh fruits can be had at any seasons. For example at Tamil Naidu the mango plants give fruits in all seasons, as it is coastal area where almost same temperature prevails. Human thermodynamics, the sweating in very useful phenomenon and is closely related to the human body. Due to sweating several harmful toxins come out of the body. The living in air condition (AC) is harmful to the body because the toxins get accumulated in the body and accumulation in excess causes sudden disease. Similarly other way round is also beneficial for example in winter seasons the people rub their hands to generate heat due to friction, and expose minimum surface of body to the environments to prevent dissipation of heat of the body.

Currently, the thermodynamics is being defaced or deformed at domestic levels for example most of the ladies cook the food and for the time being store in freezes to prevent it from spoiling. It is OK that it protects the food for time being but heating eatable again and again is not good and destroys the calorie value. In general, overheating decompose and denature the food items. Some of the valuable vitamins and other chemicals get lost in heating process as vitamin C and iodine get vaporized. Overheating of the milk loses the vitamin C, similarly at kitchen ladies use oil for cooking the food, they dip the processed or knitted flour in hot oil. The used oil after cooking the food is stored and reused for further cooking. The oil after heating several times gets saturated whose intake in body along food is harmful.

The farmers do irrigate the crops for water and softening the soil for a growth of the roots and a use of earthen pots for cooling the water in summer is century old. In village is highly beneficial, this is natural cooler and do not cause any disease. There is a shortage of the electricity to run the electric coolers.

The thermodynamics is playing a glaring role in vehicular traffic, air and waterways. Too much friction between the road and outer surface of the wheels at the roads do cause some heat and wastage of the energy at roads and more fuel is used to cop up this effect. Air-cooling is most useful for dissipating the heat from oil engines during work. There are some demerits of the thermodynamics as global warming, air pollution. But the wonderful aspect of the thermodynamics is to generate electricity due the to temperature difference in water with depth of the oceans. This is called as OTEC i.e. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as at 4 to 8 feet deep water the temperature is lower (about 10 to 150C) while at upper surface is very high (about 350C). This difference develops the temperature gradients, thus a machine made up of metallic pipes of about 1 to 2 feet inner diameter is made in a square shape. Inside pipes, at their each corner a turbine is fitted and a volatile gas like ammonia or propane is filled inside the pipes, which due to temperature gradient runs from a high temperature to a lower. The gas on the way strikes the turbines where the latter are rotated and mechanical energy is converted into the electrical energy with suitable electric circuits. The thermodynamics is applicable to human anger as human anger is an adiabatic process. If the heat of the human is quickly dissipated, the anger of the person is cooled down and the person becomes normal. Currently Survismeter and econoburette are invented from Indian soil for saving energy and resources.
Conclusion: The best use of thermodynamic processes draws manifold benefits to our society and maintains the healthy ecosystem. This article contains a very primitive and useful science that has been enriching our civilization. The energy is still in great demand and a key for all round developments. There is an urgent need to pay attention on the trivial methods and concepts and perceptions dealing with energies, as the young minds can accelerate and develop some new dimension of science that can boost up our quality of life. There are many areas and works where least scientific attentions are paid because careful execution of any thing would up ridge some new thoughts.

References:

1.Man Singh and Sanjay Kumar, J. Appl. Sci., 93, 47-55, 2004.
2.Man Singh, J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 78, August 2001, 397-402.
3.Man Singh, J. Ind. Chem. Soc. 80, July 2003, 704-706.
Dr.Man Singh, associate prof. physical chemistry, is working on molecular features of dendrimers and supramolecues, their surface area, wetting coefficents, interaction dynamics.

Analysis of Bio Mass Energy System Using Direct Combustion

The energy produced by direct combustion process is heat and steam. Despite its apparent simplicity, direct combustion is a complex process from a technological point of view. High reaction rates and high heat release and many reactants and reaction schemes are involved. In order to analyze the combustion process a division is made between the place where the biomass fuel is burned (the furnace) and the place where the heat from the flue gas is exchanged for a process medium or energy carrier (the heat exchanger). The basic process flow diagram for direct combustion is shown in the following picture Figure 2 Principal scheme of direct combustion system Proper designed industrial biomass combustion facilities can burn all type of above listed biomass fuel. In combustion process, volatile hydrocarbons (CxHy) are formed and burned in a hot combustion zone. Combustion technologies convert biomass fuels into several forms of useful energy for commercial and/or industrial uses. In a furnace, the biomass fuel converted via combustion process into heat energy. The heat energy is released in form of hot gases to heat exchanger that switches thermal energy from the hot gases to the process medium (steam, hot water or hot air). The efficiency of the furnace is defined as follows: Depending on the wet Low Heating Value (LHV) of received biomass fuel, typical combustion efficiencies varies in the range of 65% in poorly designed furnaces up to 99% in high sophisticated, well maintained and perfectly insulated combustion systems. In single statement, the combustion efficiency is mainly determined by the completeness of the combustion process (i.e. the extent to which the combustible biomass particles are burned) and the heat losses from the furnace. Direct combustion systems are of either fixed bed or fluidized-bed systems. Fixed-bed systems are basically distinguished by types of grates and the way the biomass fuel is supplied to or transported through the furnace. In stationary or travelling grate combustor, a manual or automatic feeder distributes the fuel onto a grate, where the fuel burns. Combustion air enters from below the grate. In the stationary grate design, ashes fall into a pit for collection. In contrast, a travelling grate system has a moving grate that drops the ash into a hopper. Fluidized-Bed Combustors (FBC) burn biomass fuel in a hot bed of granular, noncombustible material, such as sand, limestone, or other. Injection of air into the bed creates turbulence resembling a boiling liquid. The turbulence distributes and suspends the fuel. This design increases heat transfer and allows for operating temperatures below 970°C, reducing NOx emissions. Depending on the air velocity, a bubbling fluidized bed or circulating fluidized bed is created. The most important advantages (comparing to fixed bed systems) of fluidized-bed combustion system are: • Flexibility to changes in biomass fuel properties, sizes and shapes; • Acceptance of biomass fuel moisture content up to 60%; • Can handle high-ash fuels and agricultural biomass residue (>50%); • Compact construction with high heat exchange and reaction rates; • Low NOx emissions; • Low excess air factor, below 1.2 to 1.4, resulting in low heat losses from flue gas. Additional factor that determines the system efficiency is the efficiency of the heat exchanger, which is defined as follows: Typical heat exchanger efficiencies based on biomass LHV range between 60% and 95%, mainly depending on design and kind of operation and maintenance. The main losses are in the hot flue gas exiting from the stack. In the industrial practice, the furnace and heat exchanger form together biomass-fired boiler unit. The boiler is a more adaptable direct combustion technology because the boiler transfers the heat of combustion directly into the process medium. Overall boiler efficiency is defined as follows: ?BOILER = ?COMBUSTION x ?HEAT EXCHANGER Overall boiler efficiency varies between 50% and 95%. Very common and most efficient are biomass systems with direct combustion for electrical power generation and co-generation. Such system can achieve an overall efficiency between 30% (power generation systems) and 85% (co-generation systems). Two cycles are possible for combining electric power generation with process steam production. Steam can be used in process first and then re-routed through a steam turbine to generate electric power. This arrangement is called a bottoming cycle. In the alternate cycle, steam from the boiler passes first through a steam turbine to produce electric power. More efficient co-generation system based on above shown steam cycle is very easy to design. Instead of condensing steam turbine a backpressure steam turbine can be applied, delivering steam at required process conditions. Another possibility is a combination of condensing steam turbine with controlled steam extraction facilities. This alternative offers maximum flexibility, i.e. during low process steam demand period maximum electric power can be generated. Up to the present time, many biomass fired co-generation power plants have been built worldwide, replacing low efficient heat-only boilers. Biomass gasification is other thermo chemical conversion process utilizing the following major feedstock: • Wood • Agricultural waste • Municipal solid waste Chemical process of gasification means the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons from biomass in a reducing (oxygen-deficient) atmosphere. The process usually takes place at about 850ºC. Because the injected air prevents the ash from melting, steam injection is not always required. A biomass gasifier can operate under atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure. If the fuel gas is generated for combustion in the gas turbine the pressure of gasification is always super-atmospheric. The resulting gas product, the syngas, contains combustible gases – hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) as the main constituents. By-products are liquids and tars, charcoal and mineral matter (ash or slag). Reducing atmosphere of the gasification stage means that only 20% to 40% of stochiometric amount of oxygen (O2) related to a complete combustion enters the reaction. This is enough to cover the heat energy necessary for a complete gasification. Say in other words, the system is autothermic. It creates sensible heat necessary to complete gasification from its own internal resources. Prevailing chemical reactions are listed in Table 2, where the following main three gasification stages are described. Stage I Gasification process starts as autothermal heating of the reaction mixture. The necessary heat for this process is covered by the initial oxidation exothermic reactions by combustion of a part of the fuel . Stage II In the second – pyrolysis stage, combustion gases are pyrolyzed by being passed through a bed of fuel at high temperature. Heavier biomass molecules distillate into medium weight organic molecules and CO2, through reactions In this stage, tar and char are also produced. Stage III Initial products of combustion, carbon dioxide (CO2) and (H2O) are reconverted by reduction reaction to carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4). These are the main combustible components of syngas. These reactions, not necessarily related to reduction, occurre at high temperature. Gasification reactions , most important for the final quality (heating value) of syngas, take place in the reduction zone of the gasifier. Heat consumption prevails in this stage and the gas temperature will therefore decrease. Tar is mainly gasified, while char, depending upon the technology used, can be significantly "burned" through reactions and reducing the concentration of particulates in the product.

The Science Behind Hydrogen Hybrid Cars - The Electrolysis of Water

The Science Behind Hydrogen Hybrid Cars - The Electrolysis of Water

The Electrolysis of water in Hydrogen Hybrid Cars happens when an electric current passes through the water causing the water (H2O) to break down into its two basic elements, oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2). It's interesting to note that Industrial applications don't use this method of hydrogen production much since they can do it more affordably by getting it out of fossil fuels.

The way this works in Hydrogen Hybrid Cars is by taking an electrical power source and connecting it to two electrodes, or plates, (or multiples of two) usually made out of some kind of stable metal like aluminum or stainless steel, then putting them into the water. If this cell is made correctly then Hydrogen will form on the cathode (metal plate that's negatively charged), and oxygen will form on the anode (metal plate that's positively charged). Since there's two hydrogen molecules to every one oxygen, molecule in water the amount of hydrogen produced is twice that of oxygen and both are in proportion to the electrical charge that runs through the water.

Using this process, Electrolysis, for pure water uses a lot more energy, which is called over-potential, to cross the activation barriers. Without a lot of extra energy, electrolysis of pure water happens very slowly, if at all. This is because water won't self-ionize, (breakdown), much if left alone.

Seawater is about a million times more conductive to electricity than pure water because of all the electrolytes in it like salt. Many electrolytic cells also may lack these needed electro-catalysts. Electrolysis in Hydrogen Hybrid Cars is far more efficient with the addition of some of these electrolytes such as salt or an acid or a base.

The history of electrolysis dates all the way back to 1789 when Jan Rudolph Deiman and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk used an electrostatic machine to make electricity and discharged it into gold electrodes placed in a Leyden jar full of water. Then, in 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, and soon after William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle used that for the first electrolysis of water. Eventually, in 1869, Zénobe Gramme invented the Gramme machine that became a cheap way to produce hydrogen through the electrolysis of water.

Next, in The Science Behind Hydrogen Hybrid Cars - The Equations of Electrolysis, we'll look at the scientific details.

About the Author:

Sam Geo is a fellow hydrogen hybrid cars enthusiast sharing his new found research with the world. Check out http://www.hydrohybridcars.net/ now! If you've ever wondered about saving incredible amounts of money on gas, improving your car's performance and helping the environment all at the same time then you must see http://www.hydrohybridcars.net/ now!

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - The Science Behind Hydrogen Hybrid Cars - The Electrolysis of Water

Commercial Applications of Electrolysis

Commercial Applications of ElectrolysisAuthor: Dr.Badruddin Khan

The electrolysis of water illustrates the changes that take place when an electric current passes through a chemical compound. Water consists of water molecules, represented by the formula H2O. In any sample of water, some small fraction of molecules exists in the form of ions, or charged particles. Ions are formed in water when water molecules break apart to form positively charged hydrogen ions and negatively charged hydroxide ions. Chemists describe that process with the following chemical equation:

H2O ? H+ + OH?

In order for electrolysis to occur, ions must exist. Seawater can be electrolyzed, for example, because it contains many positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl?) inclusive of several other cations and anions. Any liquid, like seawater, that contains ions is called an electrolyte. Water is not usually considered an electrolyte because it contains so few hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Normally, only one water molecule out of two billion ionizes. In contrast, sodium chloride (table salt) breaks apart completely when dissolved in water. A salt water solution consists entirely of sodium ions and chloride ions. In order to electrolyze water, then, one prior step is necessary. Some substance, similar to sodium chloride, must be added to water to make it an electrolyte. The substance that is usually used is sulfuric acid.

The equipment used for electrolysis of a compound consists of three parts: a source of DC (direct) current; two electrodes; and an electrolyte. A common arrangement consists of a battery (the source of current) whose two poles are attached to two strips of platinum metal (the electrodes), which are immersed in water to which a few drops of sulfuric acid have been added (the electrolyte).

Electrolysis begins when electrical current (a flow of electrons) flows out of one pole of the battery into one electrode, the cathode. Positive hydrogen ions (H+) in the electrolyte pick up electrons from that electrode and become neutral hydrogen molecules (H2):

2 H+ + 2 e? ? H2

(Hydrogen molecules are written as H2 because they always occur as pairs of hydrogen atoms. The same is true for molecules of oxygen, O2.) As the electrolysis of water occurs, one can see tiny bubbles escaping from the electrolyte at the cathode. These are bubbles of hydrogen gas. Bubbles can also be seen escaping from the second electrode, the anode. The anode is connected to the second pole of the battery, the pole through which electrons enter the battery. At this electrode, electrons are being taken out of the electrolyte and fed back into the battery. The electrons come from negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH?), which have an excess of electrons. The anode reaction is slightly more complicated than the cathode reaction, as shown by this chemical equation:

4 OH? ? 4 e? ? O2 + 2 H2O

Essentially this equation says that electrons are taken away from hydroxide ions and oxygen gas is produced in the reaction. The oxygen gas bubbles off at the anode, while the extra water formed remains behind in the electrolyte. The overall reaction that takes place in the electrolysis of water is now obvious. Electrons from the battery are given to hydrogen ions in the electrolyte, changing them into hydrogen gas. Electrons are taken from hydroxide ions in the electrolyte and transferred to the battery. Over time, water molecules are broken down to form hydrogen and oxygen molecules:

2 H2O ? 2 H2 + O2

Electrolysis is used to break down compounds that are very stable. For example, aluminum is a very important metal in modern society. It is used in everything from pots and pans to space shuttles. But the main natural source of aluminum, aluminum oxide, is a very stable compound. A compound that is stable is difficult to break apart. We can't get aluminum out of aluminum oxide just by heating the compound as we need more energy than heat can provide. Aluminum is prepared by an electrolytic process first discovered in 1886 by a 21-year-old student at Oberlin College in Ohio, Charles Martin Hall (1863–1914). Hall found a way of melting aluminum oxide and then electrolyzing it. Once melted, aluminum oxide forms ions of aluminum and oxygen, which behave in much the same way as hydrogen and hydroxide ions in the previous example. Pure aluminum metal is obtained at the cathode, while oxygen gas bubbles off at the anode. Sodium, chlorine, and magnesium are three other elements obtained commercially by an electrolytic process similar to the Hall process.

Electrolysis can be used for purposes other than preparing elements. One example is the refining of copper. Very pure copper is often required in the manufacture of electrical equipment for which a purity of 99.999 percent is not unusual. The easiest way to produce a product of this purity is with electrolysis. An electrolytic cell for refining copper contains very pure copper at the cathode, impure copper at the anode, and copper sulfate as the electrolyte. When the anode and cathode are connected to a battery, electrons flow into the cathode, where they combine with copper ions (Cu2+) in the electrolyte as shown below:

Cu2+ + 2 e? ? Cu0

Pure copper metal (Cu0 in the above equation) is formed on the cathode and at the anode; copper atoms (Cu0) lose electrons and become copper ions (Cu2+) in the electrolyte:

Cu0 ? 2 e? ? Cu2+

Overall, the only change that occurs in the cell is that copper atoms from the impure anode become copper ions in the electrolyte. Those copper ions are then plated out on the cathode. Any impurities in the anode are just left behind, and nearly 100 percent pure copper builds up on the cathode.

Another important use of electrolytic cells is in the electroplating of silver, gold, chromium, and nickel. Electroplating produces a very thin coating of these expensive metals on the surfaces of cheaper metals, giving them the appearance and the chemical resistance of the expensive ones. In silver plating, the object to be plated (a spoon, for example) is used as the cathode. A bar of silver metal is used as the anode. And the electrolyte is a solution of silver cyanide (AgCN). When this arrangement is connected to a battery, electrons flow into the cathode where they combine with silver ions (Ag+) from the electrolyte to form silver atoms (Ag0):

Ag+ + 1 e? ? Ag0

These silver atoms plate out as a thin coating on the cathode, in this case, the spoon. At the anode, silver atoms give up electrons and become silver ions in the electrolyte:

Ag0 ? 1 e? ? Ag0

Silver is cycled, therefore, from the anode to the electrolyte to the cathode, where it is plated out.

About the Author:

Dr.Badruddin Khan, an Associate Professor in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India, loves to enrich the most valuable raw material of the society, the students, in all possible ways.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Commercial Applications of Electrolysis

Maintaining New Car's Engine Compartment

Maintaining New Car's Engine CompartmentAuthor: Zeke Gervis

Your new car?s engine compartment is as important as the smooth appearance of your exterior. Make sure to regularly maintain the engine compartment to avoid costly repairs and replacements, and be assured of a longer engine life and an excellent performing car.

Modern cars have cooling system components that are being forced to do more than the older ones. This is because of the trend to downsize car parts in order to minimize space and weight. To maintain your cooling system?s peak of efficiency, the most appropriate thing to do is to alter the coolant once every two years. Remember that anti-freeze does not wear out. Also, by altering the coolant, you are ensured that the corrosion inhibitors are fresh and doing the job they are supposed to. By maintaining your car?s cooling system, you are assured of less scale and corrosion that builds up inside the radiator when coolant is left in too long. Of course, you can also definitely avoid the high cost of radiator repair or replacement.

The brake fluid is the most important engine component. It is not a petroleum-based product; as a matter of fact, it is made up of cashew shells. They absorb moisture from the air. As a result, it minimizes braking performance. A substance also builds up over a period of time. In effect, this blocks the valves inside ABS units. The end result is no less than costly repairs or replacement. This blocking substance also causes calipers and wheel cylinders to leak. Thus, it results in repairs or replacement. So better flush the brake fluid and have it refilled every two years or 60,000 miles. Power steering fluid also needs to be flushed and refilled once every two years or 60,000 miles.

Another fluid, the transmission fluid, requires regular replacement so that it is kept in a tip top shape. Lack of maintenance is the main cause of transmission failures. To prevent costly repair and replacement, make you work done regularly.

Air and fuel filters prevent dirt from your engine. But their function does not mean they do not require cleaning anymore. Junky air and fuel filters result to several driving problems such as hesitation and rough idle stem. To avoid problems like those, replace the filter every 15,000 miles. The carbon canister filter, which is a very vital component of the emission control system and filters the in coming air, should be replaced. The emission controls are integral parts of modern engine management system. Keep in mind that a blocked canister filter will also result to drivability problems.

A PVC filter is only common to some cars. It is also known as a breather element. The air for the PCV system is filtered by this engine part. The dirt from the engine crankcase is also kept out by this PVC filter. It needs to be replaced at 15,000 mile intervals.

While checking your PCV filter, also check the PCV valve and replace it regularly. When a new PCV filter is installed, a new PCV valve must also be installed.

Also include the oxygen sensor in maintenance. It measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed. Usually made with zirconium ceramic bulb coated on both sides with a thin layer of platinum, this sensing element comes in both heated and unheated forms. Its main task is to measure the performance of internal combustion engines in automobiles and other modes of transportation. If you see any damage in your Dodge car?s Dodge oxygen sensor, consult the owner?s manual to prevent further vehicle damage.

The spark plugs together with the other ignition parts are engine components have become much more reliable since the age of high technology began. Most modern engines use a DIS or Direct Ignition System. This system mounts one ignition coil on each spark plug. This minimizes the need of a distributor. Also, the PCM controls the firing of each coil.

Nonetheless, distributors still exist in some engines. On engines that still use a distributor, replace the distributor cap, distributor rotor and ignition wires every 30,000 miles.

On a regular basis, replace the spark plugs. In the auto shops are platinum plugs, split fire plugs, multi-electrode plugs, red ones, green ones and blue ones. But you must only opt for the recommended one of your manufacturer. Usually, spark plug information is located on the engine decal under the hood.

The most crucial part of the engine is the timing belt. It is so crucial that it needs to be replaced before it breaks. If your vehicle has an engine whose valves and pistons are located in the same place in the combustion chamber at different times, it implies engine damage. If your car uses a non-interference engine, you might experience a car breakdown. So to avoid this, replace the timing belt every 60,000 miles.

Each engine part is essential for your engine, in particular, and your car, in general. Never take even one part for granted. This is to avoid untoward car breakdown. Moreover, the engine is the one that makes you car work. Your new car?s engine compartment is must at all times work properly because that is the heart of your vehicle. Well maintained engine parts will give you your desired car performance.

About the Author:

Zeke Gervis has a degree in Human Resource Management. He is an F1 fanatic and is a collector of racing memorabilias. At present, he enjoys working at a consulting firm in Iowa.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Maintaining New Car's Engine Compartment

The O2 Sensor and You: Why You Need Them

The O2 Sensor and You: Why You Need ThemAuthor: Eric Ferguson

Modern vehicles are much more complex than their predecessors. Numerous additions have been made to increase fuel economy, as well as to decrease emissions. One of these things is the O2 sensor. All modern cars have at least one sensor, though most have two and several have four sensors. These sensors are located at various points in the exhaust system and play a vital role in both fuel economy and emission regulation.

For the tuner, O2 sensors can be huge pain in the behind. Custom exhausts are a great way to add power and performance to your vehicle. Unfortunately, you can find yourself without a place for your oxygen sensors if you don't buy the right type of pipes and headers. Typically, one sensor will be mounted on the exhaust manifold gasket (which is replaced by the header) and the other will be placed midway down the exhaust pipe, usually just before the catalytic converter.

Together, these two sensor help regulate your fuel/air mixture, as well as EGR valve operation. Without these sensors, your check engine light lights up, your car runs rough and your fuel mileage can significantly decrease. In addition, it's pretty hard (read as impossible) to pass an emissions test without O2 sensors installed. That pesky check engine light will usually give you away.

What do oxygen sensors do? They tell your car's computer the volume of unspent gas fumes in your exhaust gasses. Depending on this reading, your EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) valve will open or close, allowing those fumes to feed your engine and increasing fuel mileage. While tuners are not necessarily interested in getting the best gas mileage or reducing their emissions, you still have to have these babies installed to pass your emissions test. Emissions testing has become mandatory in most urban areas and even in many suburban and rural areas.

In addition to making it impossible to pass the emissions test, the fact that the check engine light remains on makes it difficult to know when another problem has occurred. The check engine light is designed to illuminate under a plethora of different conditions, from sensor malfunction to transmission problems and even loose gas caps (fuel leak sensor). The light will not turn off until you have reinstalled those O2 sensors. So, what are you to do?

The best way to circumvent the problem is to purchase headers and custom exhaust pipes with oxygen sensor bungs already in place. This way, all you have to do is unscrew the sensors from the original pipes and install them in the new ones. The check engine light stays off and you stay legal for testing purposes. Oxygen sensor removal will require a special socket, designed to fit the diameter of the nut made into the sensor, as well as unhooking the wiring harness leading into the vehicle. The harness is usually found a short distance from the sensor; just follow the wire and you will find it. In some vehicles, the wire actually terminates under the seats, inside the car, so be prepared.

About the Author:

Andy's Auto Sport offers a full line of aftermarket automotive parts including body kits, carbon fiber hoods and more. For more information, visit Andy's Auto Sport online.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - The O2 Sensor and You: Why You Need Them

Oxygen for Your Skin, Oxygen For LIfe

Oxygen for Your Skin, Oxygen For LIfeAuthor: Natalia Saborio

At what age do you think the skin begins to feel a lack of oxygen?

After 20 years the activity of skin cells starts to slow down, and skin start to experience oxygen starvation. At the age of 30 the concentration of O2 is reduced on average by 30% and up to the 40 years, by 50%! This leads to the slowing of metabolic processes, and contributes to premature skin aging. Special skin care is needed at any age to combat this very serious problem.

I started using Oxygen cosmetics, but I haven’t noticed significant improvements yet. What else can be done to improve my skin health and youthfulness?

There are many things that can be done to help. For example, in skin care it’s important to maintain the oxygen balance. The higher the level of oxygen in the body, the greater the quantity can be used to maintain the beauty and skin health. I highly recommend combining cosmetic procedures with healthy sleep, hiking in the fresh air, and usage of oxygen cocktails.

Do we need additional oxygen for our skin? After all, we always get it from the atmosphere.

We only get a small percent of oxygen through the skin. And that amount alone is very hard for the skin to absorb. Besides, using make-up forms another barrier that makes it harder for oxygen to get in. Add in stresses, bad habit and these lead to the point when the skin starts to suffocate. Cells just don’t have strength to renew quick enough and assimilate all the active substances that are supplied to them through the air we breathe. The results of oxygen deficit are dryness, wrinkles and a dull complexion. It is possible to improve the situation with the help of beauty salons procedures, or using the right type cosmetics. Use the range of cosmetic according your skin type and use it as recommended.

RIMMA KONEEVA, PhD, director of scientific development Faberlic

About the Author:

Nataliya Saborio is a specialist in Russian Cosmetics and Oxygen Cosmetics. Her detailed understanding of anti-aging techniques to prolong the beauty of the skin is well noted. Join her at http://www.russianbeautysecrets.com for more detailed information on how Russian Cosmetics can help you.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Oxygen for Your Skin, Oxygen For LIfe

Oxygen Analyzer- The Most Vital Element to Human Health

Oxygen Analyzer- The Most Vital Element to Human Health

Author: Impacterp.com

Bhoomi Analyzers with wide analytical instruments product range, forms an integral part of process automation in process industries. Max-O2 Oxygen Analyzer Our dedication has made us the pioneers in this field. Our in house research and development has enabled us to enhance the product quality and reliability remarkably.


Oxygen is the most vital element for the human body. So why is it then, the one element of our health that we all take for granted. The answer is simple- while we are breathing one breath after another, we just presume that we are getting enough of it! The truth is though, that this is not the case. 200 years ago the quality of the air was much higher with an oxygen quantity of 30%. Today though, as a result of global pollution and the depletion of our natural resources the air only contains 19% oxygen and in some cities as low as 10% oxygen.

Oxygen in the blood stream nourishes the body's cells, creates energy and helps break down waste products and toxins. It creates immune system defense and it regulates the body's pH balance. Oxygen plays a crucial role in the fight against disease. It has been proven that diseases such as Cancerthrive in an acid pH, so it is imperative that we oxygenate our bodies and maintain an Alkaline pH if we wish to maintain our health and wellness.

Oxygen in the body is necessary for all vital functions and the elimination of waste products. Oxygen gives our bodies the fighting power to resist pathogens, bacteria and viruses.

It is a proven fact that oxygen deficiency eventually leads to disease or illness of some form. "Insufficient oxygen means insufficient biological energy that can result in anything from mild fatigue to life threatening disease" as quoted by Dr W Spencer Way- who wrote in the Journal of the American Association of Physicians.

There are many factors that cause Oxygen Deficiency. Some of these are : Overcooking our food which kills the enzymes, Breathing carbon monoxide fumes which strips oxygen from the blood, Eating processed foods that have little or no oxygen content and are full of chemicals, Drinking tap water with chemical additives such as flouride, De-forestation, Alcohol and Lack of exercise.

It is a proven fact that diseases such as cancer and AIDS, herpes and hepatitis, cannot tolerate high oxygen cells in the blood stream. This alone is reason enough to make a conscious effort to ensure you are oxygenating the blood. If you feel that factors of your environment could be depleting the oxygen supply to your bloodstream, be sure to take a daily oxygen supplement to help counteract these factors.

BHOOMI make analyzers installed at most of the sites are trouble free and have proven long life. Many Industries have shown confidence in us by placing REPETITIVE ORDERS. We are committed to our clients and provide the best after sale services.

Bhoomi Analyzers have vast experience in Analytical Instruments. We manufacture In-situ Zirconia based Oxygen Analyzers, Oxygen Analyzer, continuous emissions monitoring systems, Portable Combustion Analyzers, Flue Gas Analyzer and other sampling systems.

About the Author:

Impact ERP helps small and medium business Software ERP Software India, CRM Solutions India, ERP India, ERP accounting software, Enterprise Solutions, CRM, Supply Chain Manegement Systems, MRP and Customized application software at Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Goa and Chennai, India.

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Oxygen Analyzer- The Most Vital Element to Human Health

O2 Xda Trion: Oxygen for Life

Author: Adam Jaylin-

A Windows Smartphone based on the original HTC Hermes, the latest gizmo from O2 is the O2 XDA Trion. The first thing that catches your attention in this remarkable phone is the wonderful touchscreen display that sports a 240x320 pixel resolution and unfurls an astounding 65,000 colours! The camera isn't the best though and is limited to 2 MP, but gives excellent results in almost all light conditions. Because the phone is expected to be a 3G device as well, there is a secondary camera for video calling as well.-

Other than being a 3G or a 3.5 G device, the O2 XDA Trion has several connectivity features as well. The usual being GPRS, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN (WiFi) support, EDGE, Infrared and USB support. Being a quad-band GSM handset, you will never be stuck without telephonic connectivity, no matter which part of the world you would be in. -

But the most amazing feature of O2 XDA Trion remains the QWERTY keyboard. It is a slide-out version which is very convenient, just like a tablet PC. Alternately, you can even use a stylus to operate the touchscreen. There handwriting recognition application is generally reduced for amusement!!-

For the entertainment buffs, there is a dedicated media player that supports multiple formats. Also, the phone supports Java MIDP 2.0, so that you can download your favourite 3-D games to spend some very happy hours in the company of your phone. -

Finally, for those who like to take their work along, wherever they go, XDA Trion runs on Windows Mobile 5.0, and you van view your official MS Office based documents through the pocket versions of Outlook, Internet Explorer, Word, Excel and PowerPoint!-

Obviously, being loaded with so many features means that the price tag is going to be pretty stiff as well. All good things come for a price, but any price is worth it for the multi faceted O2 XDA Trion that will stay your faithful companion, no matter in which mood you are!

About the Author:-

Adam Jaylin would provide you the latest info on Mobile Phones

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - O2 Xda Trion: Oxygen for Life

Read Before Buying Toyota Camry Oxygen Sensor

Most modern oxygen sensors have a 100,000-mile life expectancy, and when your oxygen sensor gets a little old and worn, you'll notice a drop in fuel economy. More extreme cases of oxygen sensor malfunction can lead to drivability issues and eventually trigger other indicators of the problem such as a Check Engine light. Acting in a closed loop feedback control for fuel-injected engines, oxygen sensors signal the amount of oxygen in the vehicle's exhaust. This signal is used by the engine to fine-tune the mixture to the optimum level for maximum engine efficiency and longevity. In addition to enabling more efficient fuel injection, the oxygen sensor acts as an emissions control to reduce the amount of unburnt fuel (pollution in the form of air-borne hydrocarbons) and oxides of nitrogen from entering the atmosphere. Worn or failing oxygen sensors can cause excessive gasoline consumption, elevated exhaust emissions, accelerated catalytic converter damage along with engine performance problems such as surging and hesitation.

Be A Great Scuba Diver: Oxygen Management

Hovering over a reef, camera in hand - You see that Juvenile Spotted Drumfish that you've been chasing for the last half hour. Finally, he has come out into the open and is parked in front of this spectacular purple sponge and bright orange anemone. Your frame is set; lighting is good. Your underwater model is cooperating. "BEEP BEEP BEEP", your computer is telling you that your entering a danger zone and at risk for oxygen toxicity. It says your "PO2 is 1.4". Not critical, but a good alert nonetheless. Glad it went off. Fortunately, the alert didn't scare away your Drumfish. You posture to take the picture. SNAP! Your strobes light up the reef, and your Drumfish heads back into the protective crevices of the Boulder Coral below. As you peer into the camera's view-screen, you think, this one is going on the wall on the office. A great shot! It's time to head back up to a safer depth and make your computer happy.

The air we breathe, both while walking on land or normally compressed into a Scuba tank, is comprised of two major gases and a small collection of trace gases. The most prevalent gas in our breathable air is Nitrogen which equals 79%. Oxygen, which is the gas that our life depends on, is a mere 20.9% of the gas we breathe. The .1% left over is made up of a bunch of trace gases, many of which, like Nitrogen, are inert and have little effect on us, normally, while walking on land. While this blend is harmonious and life-enabling, it all changes once you add pressure while Scuba diving.

Nitrogen - the evil gas!
From the first day you strap a Scuba tank to your back, you hear about Nitrogen Narcosis and Decompression sickness. In some cases, instructors scare you into memorizing the causes to reinforce the notion of managing your NITROGEN. Simply put, Nitrogen Narcosis is caused by the combination of depth and nitrogen absorption. When you reach a depth, usually below 100 feet, if your physiology isn't cooperating, you may get "Narced". An intoxicating feeling that may impair your judgment. The deeper you go, the more susceptible you become to Narcosis. At some depth, everyone gets Narced. Decompression Sickness is more severe and requires proper planning in order to avoid getting the "Bends". Decompression Sickness is not caused by depth, it is caused by loading Nitrogen into your body. The deeper you go, the faster you will load Nitrogen. At some point, you will load enough Nitrogen, where you will need to control the off-gassing prior to surfacing. These we call Decompression Stops. If you load enough Nitrogen and forego a Decompression Stop, it is highly likely you will get Bent. Even a mild case of the bends is painful and perhaps even life threatening. A severe case can, at best, cause permanent neurological damage and highly possible you could die from it.

Thus, from your first day, you are taught by your instructor to manage your nitrogen levels using a dive computer or a by using dive planning tables for "No Decompression Limits". In either case, you are planning your dive so that you are not needing Decompression Stops. Nitrogen management means you have planned your dive to not max out your Nitrogen loading. Additionally, you are taught the symptoms and cures, for you and your buddy, on how to combat, avoid and relieve Nitrogen Narcosis. By the end of your beginner Scuba Diver class, you are proficient in Nitrogen Management, staying away from getting Narced and planning your dives to stay away from even the mildest case of the Bends.

Oxygen - the good gas?
If Nitrogen is the bad gas and Oxygen is the life giving gas, then Oxygen is the good gas, right? Well, Oxygen is generally the good gas. You definitely need it to live. However, Oxygen epitomizes the saying, "too much of a good thing can be bad for you". In fact, there are times when too much Oxygen can be as deadly and hit your faster than Nitrogen. Oxygen is the good gas with some really bad character traits. However, we as a new Scuba diver, we never hear about these bad traits. In fact, until we start looking into Enriched Air or Technical Diving, we never even hear that Oxygen could be a bad thing. Oxygen has toxic characteristics when it has a high partial pressure. This is called CNS Oxygen Toxicity. Oxygen can also have toxic characteristics is you have prolonged exposure to high partial pressures. This is called Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity. In either case, the effect is generally the same, getting a "Tox Hit" usually means that you will have a convulsion. In fact, in hospital wards, this happens fairly frequently. Most people have no problem surviving them. However, underwater a convulsion can be deadly. A convulsion generally leads to a diver's regulator falling out of their mouth, passing out and drowning.

Oxygen Toxicity and the New Diver
At this point, you have to be asking, why didn't I hear about the adverse effects of Oxygen in my Open Water or Beginner Scuba Diver certification class? Good question; and some agencies are changing that and making it a part of the beginner lesson plan. However, some agencies are not teaching it because they feel the depth at which Oxygen Toxicity, when diving on air, becomes an issue is way too deep for a new diver. And, if a new diver is that deep, they have more to be concerned about that Oxygen Toxicity. A fair argument since most new divers are using air (21% oxygen / 79% nitrogen) and the toxic depths of air is generally below 200 feet. However, this theory is flawed when dealing with the buddy system or diving off a boat with divers who may be using enriched air or Nitrox blends in excess of 21% oxygen. In this scenario, even with the non-nitrox diving buddy needs to be aware of the risks surrounding him in the water. A diver using a common blend of 32% Nitrox (32% Oxygen / 68% Nitrogen), can have a Tox Hit within the recreational limits of 130 feet. Now Oxygen Management is a concern for everyone diving with that buddy.

Enriched Air Versus Nitrox
We've been throwing a lot of terms at you. Nitrox, Air, Enriched Air, etc. Air is simply what you are breathing while surfing the Web reading this article. It is comprised, simply put, of 21% Oxygen and 79% Nitrogen. Nitrox is a "slang term" for any Nitrogen/Oxygen blend. This means, technically, air is a Nitrox blend. However, Nitrox has become a common replacement for Enriched Air. Enriched Air is any blend of Nitrogen and Oxygen exceeding 21% Oxygen in the mix. That means a Nitrox blend of 23% Oxygen and 77% Nitrogen is Nitrox.

Hypoxia and Hyperoxia and how it relates to Scuba Diving
The human body needs a specific amount of oxygen to survive. It can't be too little and it can't be too much. Hypoxia is a condition in which tissues are deprived of an adequate supply of Oxygen. On land, this usually occurs, in folks with normal physiology, when the Oxygen content in a breathing mix drops below 16%. People are considered Hypoxic when this happens.

Hyperoxia is a condition caused by an excess of oxygen in tissues and organs. On land, this usually occurs, in people with normal physiology when the oxygen content in a breathing mix is above 160% or have been breathing high O2 mixes (like pure O2) for an extended period of time. It is near impossible for someone to become Hyperoxic on land. Hyperoxia requires pressure to get the breathing mix to a comparable 160%. Of course, the Scuba environment is the perfect place to experience pressure.

On your first pool session, you felt the effects of pressure on your body from water. Probably in your ears. This pressure has a physiological effect that you don't necessarily feel. It is compounding the effects of Oxygen. In fact, at 33 feet (salt water), the effects of oxygen is doubled. As mentioned above, air is 21% Oxygen. However, physiologically at 33 feet, it has the same effect on your body as 42% oxygen. This effect is compounded the deep your go. At 99 feet, Air (21%) is four times more effective and comparable to 84% Oxygen (almost pure O2). Now you can see, with depth, how Hyperoxia can occur while Scuba diving. For "air" divers, Hyperoxia is less of a concern compared to Narcosis or Decompression Sickness. However, for "enriched air" divers, their high O2 blends can create high partial pressures which can easily lead to hyperoxia. Imagine someone with an Enriched Air Blend with 40% Oxygen and 60% Nitrogen. At 100 feet (salt water), that O2 content is equivalent to 160%. This diver is well within recreational limits and breathing a recreational "Nitrox" blend. You, as his buddy, may, not understanding the dangers, lead him to depths below 100feet. Now you understand the importance of Oxygen management.

What is all this Partial Pressure Stuff?
Partial Pressure is a term used in gas laws. Without getting into a physics lesson: in a gas mixture, each gas has a partial pressure which is equal to the fraction of gas represented in the mix multiplied by the pressure. Thus, in the examples above, Air has a 21% fraction of Oxygen. At sea level, or one atmosphere (as the air pressure is measured), it has a partial pressure of .21. Sometimes you will see this written as PPO2 = .21. In salt water, every 33 feet is equivalent to weight of an additional 1 atmosphere (34 feet for fresh water and you have to add 1 atmosphere for the air on top of the water). So at 33 feet, you have the equivalent weight of 2 atmospheres of pressure. 66 feet, is the equivalent of 3 atmospheres, 99 feet is the equivalent of 4 atmospheres and 132 feet is the equivalent of 5 atmospheres. Thus, in our example above, using air, at 33 feet, you would multiply the fractional gas of 21% times 2 atmospheres which would equal .42 (or 42%). That means, air is twice as effective at 2 atmospheres or 2 ATA (atmospheres absolute)

Using the 40% mix example above. Taking 40 percent to 3 ATA or 66 feet is equivalent to have 120% Oxygen or a partial pressure of 1.2. Another example is taking the most common blend of Enriched Air Available, 32% Nitrox and taking that to depth. At 33 feet, Enriched Air with 32% (usually written EAN32) has a partial pressure .64. Taking EAN32 to 4 ATA or 99 feet, means that it has a partial pressure of 1.28. Or if you take that same 32% blend to 5 atmospheres or 132 feet, you will have a partial pressure of 1.6 - which is equivalent to 160% Oxygen. As mentioned, previously you risk the chance of CNS Oxygen Toxicity when it reaches that level.

Optimal Partial Pressures While Scuba Diving
When Scuba diving, you always want to keep your Oxygen partial pressures between .16 (16%) and 1.6 (160%). If you fall below or go above this range you risk serious injury and death. Even on air, foolish people can exceed a partial pressure of 1.6. That is why we recommend an additional safety margin and tell our divers not to exceed a partial pressure blend 1.4. If you are planning a dive that will result in a 1.5 or 1.6 partial pressure mix, drop the O2 mix down a percentage point or two. As always, plan your dive (conservatively and within your limits) and dive your plan.

Because we are constantly dealing with pressure underwater, it is very possible that you could exceed a 1.6 partial pressure. However, it is very difficult to go below .16. While not exclusively, this usually occurs only in Trimix Diving. Oxygen management in Trimix Diving is a more complex discussion, although the fundamentals you learn in Nitrox Diving remain the same.

Bottom line, don't exceed a 1.4 partial pressure and stay safe!

Is that a freight train or barking dogs I hear?
As mentioned, the effect of Hyperoxia while diving is generally a convulsion. And while this can come on without warning, it has been reported that several precursors may reveal themselves prior to the convulsion. If you experience one of these precursors, you should end your dive immediately. Unlike Nitrogen Narcosis, going up a few feet will not dispel the oncoming convulsion. You are toxic! These precursor events to a Tox Hit include Visual Disturbances (like tunnel vision), Ear Ringing or strange sounds like a barking dog, Nausea, Muscle Twitching (usually in the face), Irritability, Dizziness. Note: a convulsion does not necessarily have to have a precursor symptom.

If at any time you do feel 100% fine, regardless of your Partial Pressure, you should surface - safely - without hesitation. No dive is worth being your last.

# 1 Rule in Enriched Air Diving and Oxygen Management
Obviously, the key to Oxygen Management is partial pressure awareness. Knowing your depth and knowing your gas blend are the critical components to partial pressure awareness. There is only one way to truly "know" your gas blend and that is to analyze it. If you are a Nitrox Diver, you should have an analyzer, be trained to use it and do so. Don't trust anyone on telling you what is the blend. Analyze it yourself. Thus, the number 1 rule in Enriched Air Diving is to always (and I mean always) analyze your own mix. Once you have that, you can calculate your partial pressures and know exactly what depth equals a 1.4 partial pressure with your blend. And, of course, you know your maximum operating depth at 1.6. Once you have done this, using masking or duct tape, write your name, mix and maximum operating depth on the tape and stick on your tank.

Final and Most Important Thoughts
To truly understand Enriched Air or Nitrox Diving, you need training! This article is only a quick overview on Oxygen Management and a quick introduction to Enriched Air Diving. Do not attempt, in any way, to use this article or any of the construed advice as training. Do not dive Enriched Air unless you are certified and qualified to do so. That means a certified Enriched Air Scuba Instructor has signed off that you are trained to dive Enriched Air. Scuba diving is a great sport, but dangerous if you do not dive within your training limits.

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